西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：國產SUV精二區九色:www.upbrand365.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是國產SUV精二區九色:西(xi)安鍛(duan)銅(tong)雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅(tong)的(de)物理化學(xue)性質(zhi)及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人類(lei)發現最早而(er)且(qie)又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常被(bei)應用得(de)得(de)心應手的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學符號是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子序(xu)數是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)子量是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)(se)澤呈玫瑰(gui)紅(hong)色(se)(se)，比重是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)8.94，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)熔點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)：2582℃，抗(kang)拉強(qiang)度(du)(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)而(er)韌，其延(yan)(yan)展性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)好(hao)，易(yi)(yi)塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)加工，導(dao)(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)(dao)熱(re)性(xing)(xing)(xing)優(you)良，良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)拋旋(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)，尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加熱(re)更易(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)，不(bu)能(neng)做(zuo)防(fang)護性(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層(ceng)，會(hui)(hui)和空氣(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)作(zuo)用生成(cheng)褐色(se)(se)硫(liu)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)(hui)和空氣(qi)中二氧化(hua)碳作(zuo)用形(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄(lu)，會(hui)(hui)和空氣(qi)中氯形(xing)成(cheng)氯化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉(fen)末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層(ceng)具有(you)良好(hao)均勻(yun)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、致(zhi)密(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、附(fu)著(zhu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋旋(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)可(ke)做(zuo)其它(ta)電(dian)鍍(du)金屬之底(di)鍍(du)鍍(du)層(ceng)。鍍(du)層(ceng)可(ke)做(zuo)為(wei)防(fang)止滲碳氮(dan)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)(yi)可(ke)實用于(yu)鋅鑄件電(dian)鍍(du)打底(di)用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)來源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)量僅(jin)次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)分為(wei)紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金屬，性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)而(er)熔點(dian)低，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)加工。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工藝(yi)絕大部分是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)富(fu)延(yan)(yan)展性(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)能(neng)很(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)作(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色(se)(se)澤渾(hun)厚、穩重，可(ke)和各種(zhong)裝飾材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料、各種(zhong)環境配合(he)，既可(ke)制作(zuo)大型(xing)壁畫(hua)、雕塑，又(you)可(ke)做(zuo)靈活的(de)(de)(de)局部點(dian)綴(zhui)裝飾。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)這(zhe)種(zhong)工藝(yi)受到很(hen)多藝(yi)術(shu)家的(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛，成(cheng)為(wei)許多壁畫(hua)、雕塑工程的(de)(de)(de)首(shou)選材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中加入(ru)金屬錫(xi)冶(ye)煉而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)，其性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較(jiao)硬，相對延(yan)(yan)展性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差(cha)，板材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)變(bian)形(xing)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)般只適于(yu)制作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)些折皺少、大塊面積的(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)品，如(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料里(li)加入(ru)了50％的(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料后熔化(hua)成(cheng)為(wei)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)(du)要(yao)比原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熔點(dian)卻由原(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料易(yi)(yi)加工，有(you)一(yi)(yi)定準確度(du)(du)，耐久(jiu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，并有(you)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)華貴、古雅、莊重的(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)彩(cai)。
二、國產SUV精二區九色:西安鍛銅浮雕的加工工藝
銅(tong)經(jing)過不同(tong)的(de)(de)加工(gong)技術(shu)和(he)(he)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)程序，會產生不同(tong)的(de)(de)視覺美(mei)感(gan)和(he)(he)觸覺美(mei)感(gan)。銅(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑的(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)是(shi)(shi)集材質之(zhi)美(mei)、工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)美(mei)和(he)(he)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)三(san)者綜合的(de)(de)結(jie)晶。因此(ci)，學習和(he)(he)研(yan)究銅(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑需要(yao)從這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)者入手，即使是(shi)(shi)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)欣賞也是(shi)(shi)需要(yao)這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)方面來進行，如果只是(shi)(shi)從一個方面就很難了解(jie)和(he)(he)把握銅(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)真諦(di)和(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)內涵(han)。由于不同(tong)種類(lei)的(de)(de)銅(tong)材料和(he)(he)不同(tong)造型(xing)、結(jie)構的(de)(de)銅(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑對(dui)加工(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求也不同(tong)。所(suo)以成型(xing)和(he)(he)制作方法主要(yao)包括鑄造、鍛造、焊接、鉚接、切割等五大加工(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，而且(qie)在裝飾工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)方面還主要(yao)有鑲嵌(qian)、雕(diao)(diao)金(jin)、鍍(du)金(jin)和(he)(he)鍍(du)銀三(san)大類(lei)。
（一）鑄(zhu)造工藝
鑄造(zao)工(gong)藝是(shi)銅雕塑(su)的(de)(de)最古(gu)老(lao)的(de)(de)成(cheng)型(xing)工(gong)藝之(zhi)一，它的(de)(de)加工(gong)方法是(shi)首先(xian)要用(yong)黏土或者(zhe)其它可塑(su)材(cai)料(liao)做出原(yuan)型(xing)，然(ran)后再翻(fan)成(cheng)鑄造(zao)模型(xing)，之(zhi)后進(jin)行澆鑄。根據鑄造(zao)模型(xing)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)不(bu)同，主要分為陶范鑄造(zao)、金屬范鑄造(zao)和失蠟鑄造(zao)（也稱翻(fan)沙鑄造(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造(zao)
它是我國最古(gu)老的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術之一，我們的(de)(de)祖先早(zao)在(zai)商代就熟練地掌握了(le)這種工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)，并(bing)(bing)用(yong)(yong)此(ci)工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)制(zhi)作了(le)大量的(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術珍品，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就了(le)享(xiang)譽(yu)世界的(de)(de)青銅(tong)文化。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方法(fa)(fa)首先是制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用(yong)(yong)于鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)模(mo)子(zi)，制(zhi)作陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)精(jing)選細黏土敷(fu)在(zai)模(mo)型上，待半干時分(fen)(fen)塊取下陰(yin)干，干透的(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再(zai)經焙燒成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)片多少視造(zao)型的(de)(de)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)程度而定。如果要(yao)(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中空(kong)的(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑或(huo)器物，在(zai)做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內(nei)(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)空(kong)間距離就是澆(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)造(zao)型的(de)(de)厚度。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)上部要(yao)(yao)(yao)預先做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)(hao)澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)口和(he)出氣孔。最后(hou)把(ba)內(nei)(nei)、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)，并(bing)(bing)敷(fu)上泥層進行加固。做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)(hao)上述工作，即(ji)可以熔銅(tong)澆(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對(dui)于造(zao)型復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)的(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑，陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往(wang)往(wang)無法(fa)(fa)一次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型，因此(ci)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)采用(yong)(yong)分(fen)(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。比如全身人像雕(diao)(diao)塑，我們將其頭與身體(ti)、四肢(zhi)分(fen)(fen)別制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先將四肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)(hao)暫(zan)不拿(na)出，再(zai)與軀干的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)接起(qi)來(lai)，澆(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)軀干時四肢(zhi)便與軀干鑄(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一體(ti)了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產SUV精二區九色:鍛銅雕(diao)塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅(tong)的(de)物理化學(xue)性質(zhi)及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人類(lei)發現最早而(er)且(qie)又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常被(bei)應用得(de)得(de)心應手的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學符號是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子序(xu)數是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)子量是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)(se)澤呈玫瑰(gui)紅(hong)色(se)(se)，比重是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)8.94，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)熔點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)：2582℃，抗(kang)拉強(qiang)度(du)(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)而(er)韌，其延(yan)(yan)展性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)好(hao)，易(yi)(yi)塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)加工，導(dao)(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)(dao)熱(re)性(xing)(xing)(xing)優(you)良，良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)拋旋(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)，尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加熱(re)更易(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)，不(bu)能(neng)做(zuo)防(fang)護性(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層(ceng)，會(hui)(hui)和空氣(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)作(zuo)用生成(cheng)褐色(se)(se)硫(liu)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)(hui)和空氣(qi)中二氧化(hua)碳作(zuo)用形(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄(lu)，會(hui)(hui)和空氣(qi)中氯形(xing)成(cheng)氯化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉(fen)末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層(ceng)具有(you)良好(hao)均勻(yun)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、致(zhi)密(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、附(fu)著(zhu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋旋(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)可(ke)做(zuo)其它(ta)電(dian)鍍(du)金屬之底(di)鍍(du)鍍(du)層(ceng)。鍍(du)層(ceng)可(ke)做(zuo)為(wei)防(fang)止滲碳氮(dan)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)(yi)可(ke)實用于(yu)鋅鑄件電(dian)鍍(du)打底(di)用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)來源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)量僅(jin)次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)分為(wei)紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金屬，性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)而(er)熔點(dian)低，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)加工。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工藝(yi)絕大部分是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)富(fu)延(yan)(yan)展性(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)能(neng)很(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)作(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色(se)(se)澤渾(hun)厚、穩重，可(ke)和各種(zhong)裝飾材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料、各種(zhong)環境配合(he)，既可(ke)制作(zuo)大型(xing)壁畫(hua)、雕塑，又(you)可(ke)做(zuo)靈活的(de)(de)(de)局部點(dian)綴(zhui)裝飾。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)這(zhe)種(zhong)工藝(yi)受到很(hen)多藝(yi)術(shu)家的(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛，成(cheng)為(wei)許多壁畫(hua)、雕塑工程的(de)(de)(de)首(shou)選材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中加入(ru)金屬錫(xi)冶(ye)煉而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)，其性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較(jiao)硬，相對延(yan)(yan)展性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差(cha)，板材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)變(bian)形(xing)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)般只適于(yu)制作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)些折皺少、大塊面積的(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)品，如(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料里(li)加入(ru)了50％的(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料后熔化(hua)成(cheng)為(wei)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)(du)要(yao)比原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熔點(dian)卻由原(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料易(yi)(yi)加工，有(you)一(yi)(yi)定準確度(du)(du)，耐久(jiu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，并有(you)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)華貴、古雅、莊重的(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)彩(cai)。
銅(tong)經(jing)過不同(tong)的(de)(de)加工(gong)技術(shu)和(he)(he)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)程序，會產生不同(tong)的(de)(de)視覺美(mei)感(gan)和(he)(he)觸覺美(mei)感(gan)。銅(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑的(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)是(shi)(shi)集材質之(zhi)美(mei)、工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)美(mei)和(he)(he)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)三(san)者綜合的(de)(de)結(jie)晶。因此(ci)，學習和(he)(he)研(yan)究銅(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑需要(yao)從這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)者入手，即使是(shi)(shi)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)欣賞也是(shi)(shi)需要(yao)這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)方面來進行，如果只是(shi)(shi)從一個方面就很難了解(jie)和(he)(he)把握銅(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)真諦(di)和(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)內涵(han)。由于不同(tong)種類(lei)的(de)(de)銅(tong)材料和(he)(he)不同(tong)造型(xing)、結(jie)構的(de)(de)銅(tong)制雕(diao)(diao)塑對(dui)加工(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求也不同(tong)。所(suo)以成型(xing)和(he)(he)制作方法主要(yao)包括鑄造、鍛造、焊接、鉚接、切割等五大加工(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，而且(qie)在裝飾工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)方面還主要(yao)有鑲嵌(qian)、雕(diao)(diao)金(jin)、鍍(du)金(jin)和(he)(he)鍍(du)銀三(san)大類(lei)。
（一）鑄(zhu)造工藝
鑄造(zao)工(gong)藝是(shi)銅雕塑(su)的(de)(de)最古(gu)老(lao)的(de)(de)成(cheng)型(xing)工(gong)藝之(zhi)一，它的(de)(de)加工(gong)方法是(shi)首先(xian)要用(yong)黏土或者(zhe)其它可塑(su)材(cai)料(liao)做出原(yuan)型(xing)，然(ran)后再翻(fan)成(cheng)鑄造(zao)模型(xing)，之(zhi)后進(jin)行澆鑄。根據鑄造(zao)模型(xing)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)不(bu)同，主要分為陶范鑄造(zao)、金屬范鑄造(zao)和失蠟鑄造(zao)（也稱翻(fan)沙鑄造(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造(zao)
它是我國最古(gu)老的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術之一，我們的(de)(de)祖先早(zao)在(zai)商代就熟練地掌握了(le)這種工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)，并(bing)(bing)用(yong)(yong)此(ci)工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)制(zhi)作了(le)大量的(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術珍品，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就了(le)享(xiang)譽(yu)世界的(de)(de)青銅(tong)文化。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方法(fa)(fa)首先是制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用(yong)(yong)于鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)模(mo)子(zi)，制(zhi)作陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)精(jing)選細黏土敷(fu)在(zai)模(mo)型上，待半干時分(fen)(fen)塊取下陰(yin)干，干透的(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再(zai)經焙燒成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)片多少視造(zao)型的(de)(de)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)程度而定。如果要(yao)(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中空(kong)的(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑或(huo)器物，在(zai)做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內(nei)(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)空(kong)間距離就是澆(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)造(zao)型的(de)(de)厚度。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)上部要(yao)(yao)(yao)預先做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)(hao)澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)口和(he)出氣孔。最后(hou)把(ba)內(nei)(nei)、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)，并(bing)(bing)敷(fu)上泥層進行加固。做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)(hao)上述工作，即(ji)可以熔銅(tong)澆(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對(dui)于造(zao)型復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)的(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑，陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往(wang)往(wang)無法(fa)(fa)一次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型，因此(ci)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)采用(yong)(yong)分(fen)(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。比如全身人像雕(diao)(diao)塑，我們將其頭與身體(ti)、四肢(zhi)分(fen)(fen)別制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先將四肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)(hao)暫(zan)不拿(na)出，再(zai)與軀干的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)接起(qi)來(lai)，澆(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)軀干時四肢(zhi)便與軀干鑄(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一體(ti)了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產SUV精二區九色:鍛銅雕(diao)塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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